Ubo

Learning Outcomes

• •Understand the concept of the Ultimate Beneficial Owner (UBO) and why identifying a UBO with certainty is often difficult in practice.
• •Differentiate between the KvK/UBO Register method and the WWFT compliance method for determining UBOs.
• •Apply the four WWFT UBO criteria for BVs: shareholding, voting rights, economic ownership, and actual control.
• •Identify when pseudo-UBOs apply and why board members may need to be listed when no criteria are met.
• •Recognize how voting structures, share classes, governance arrangements, and shareholder agreements affect actual control.
• •Assess complex ownership situations such as 50/50 structures, casting votes, and joint ventures to determine real control.
• •Document UBO reasoning clearly, including ambiguous situations, marital-property influences, and mixed share classes.